Cancer Research Paper
A Gastroenterologist is doctor who diagnoses and cures issues related to stomach, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, and esophagus. The Gastroenterologist diagnoses the issue with the help of tests like endoscopy, colonoscopy, urine examination, stool examination, and so on. Oncology is the study of cancer. A doctor who is an expert in treating people with cancer is called an oncologist. Usually, an oncologist manages and cares for a patient that is already diagnosed with cancer.
All cancers start in the body’s cells. Normal cells grow and divide to make more cells as older cells die off. This keeps the body working correctly. If the genetic material, also known as DNA, of a cell is mutated or changed, the abnormal cells can occupy other tissues. New cells are made when the body does not need them or old cells don't die when they should. These mutated cancer cells can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other organs. The extra cells form a group of tissue called a growth or tumor.
Colon Cancer forms in the tissues of the the longest part of the large intestine. Most colon cancers are cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids, also known as adenocarcinomas. Almost all colon cancers start in glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. They usually begin as benign noncancerous polyps that can slowly turn into cancer. Colon cancer affects both men and women of all races and ethnic groups, it is most often found in people over the age of fifty years. It is the third most common cancer in the United States, and the second leading cause of death by a cancer. As tumors grow, it may begin to get in the way of the flow of waste matter causing abdominal pain and changes in digestive habits. If the tumors are left to grow, eventually the flow of feces and gas will be completely blocked. This can cause the intestines to swell and enlarge, which can cause pain and vomiting. Colon cancer also spreads through the lymph nodes and affects other organs away from the colon. The most common places for it to spread are the liver, lung, and inner lining of the abdomen.
The colon and the rectum are the final portions of the tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. Food gets fed into the mouth where it is chewed by teeth and then swallowed. It then goes down the esophagus and dropped into the stomach. The stomach is where the food is broken down into smaller fragments and then enters the small intestine. In the small intestine, the food is broken down and digested and the nutrients from the food are absorbed. The food that is not digested and absorbed enters the large intestine or colon and finally the rectum.
The large intestine is a tube that is comprised of four layers. The first is an interior layer of cells that line the chamber where the undigested food get carried, called the mucosa. The mucosa is attached to a thin second layer, the submucosa, it attaches itself to a layer of muscle known as the muscularis. The whole tube is surrounded by fibrous tissue known as the serosa. The most commonly found cancers of the large intestine arise in the inner layer of cells called the mucosa. These cells are exposed to food and bacteria which may carry toxins. The calls are also constantly dying off. Cancers of the colon and rectum start when the process of the normal replacement of lining cells goes wrong. When this happens these cells begin to divide on their own. As these abnormal cells grow and divide, they can create growths within the colon also known as polyps. When these precancerous tumors start to grow in different parts of the tube and invade other layers of the large intestine, the precancerous polyp has become cancerous. This process usually take about eight to ten years.
Some people are more likely to develop colon cancer than others. Factors that expand a person's risk of colorectal cancer are a family history of colorectal cancer and polyps, high fat intake, the presence of polyps in the large intestine, also inflammatory bowel diseases, and primarily chronic ulcerative colitis. In countries with high colon cancer rates, the fat intake rate is much higher than in countries with low cancer rates. It is believed that because digestion of fat occurs in the small intestine and the colon leads to the formation of cancer causing chemicals, or also called carcinogens.
Diets high in vegetables and foods with lots of fiber such as whole grain breads and cereals contain less fat that produces these carcinogens, and can go against the effects of the carcinogens. These effects would help reduce the risk of cancer. Since Doctors believe that cancer forms from benign tumors, getting these tumors surgically removed might reduce your risk of cancer.
There are many factors that can change normal genes into those that allow cancer to grow. These factors include smoking, dietary choices, too much exposure to ultraviolet light, being around too many chemicals or certain substances. The risk of getting certain types of cancer might also be in a person’s genes. If there is a history of specific types of cancer in their family, such as breast or colon cancers, they might also get it.
A person's genetic background is an important factor in colon cancer risk. Among immediate relatives of colon cancer patients, the lifetime chance of developing colon cancer is 18%. Even though a family history of colon cancer is an important risk factor, a majority 80% of colon cancers occur irregularly in patients with no family history of colon cancer. About 20% of cancers have something to do with the patients family history. They include fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating shortness of breath, change in bowel habits, narrow stools, diarrhea or constipation, red or really dark blood in stool, weight loss. Colon cancer can be present for several years before symptoms develop.
Colon cancer can be detected by getting a colonoscopy. If cancerous growths are found during colonoscopy, small tissue samples are taken and examined under the microscope to determine if the polyp is cancerous. If colon cancer is found and confirmed by a biopsy, doctor examine patient further to determine whether the cancer has already spread to other organs. The most effective way to prevent cancer is to get test so polyps can be found early on and taken care of before they turn cancerous or spread. Changing diet and consuming less fat and more fiber can also be a good way to prevent colon cancer. Major sources of fat are eggs, meat, dairy products, oils used in cooking, and salad dressing. Surgery is the most common initial treatment for colon cancer. During surgery, the tumor, a little bit of the healthy intestine, and neighboring lymph nodes are removed. Sometimes the rectum is removed in patients with rectal cancer.
once a colon cancer has spread to local lymph nodes, the risk of the cancer returning remains high even if all visible evidence of the cancer has been removed by the surgeon. At that point, doctors may recommend chemotherapy. Drugs used for chemotherapy enter the bloodstream and attack any colon cancer cells that were carried into the blood or lymphatic systems before the operation, attempting to kill them before they carry into other organs. For fitter patients, lots of chemotherapeutic drugs usually are recommended but for sicker people, simpler treatments are usually best. The cancer can come back near the original site, but thats not very common. Individuals diagnosed with colon cancer remain at risk of their cancer returning for up to 10 years after their original diagnosis and treatment, but the risk of the cancer coming back is much higher in the first few years.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer, and not having any risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. The prognosis and treatment options depend on The stage of the cancer, whether the cancer lives in the inner lining of the colon only or has spread through the walls of the colon, or has extended to lymph nodes or other places in the body, Whether the cancer has blocked or made a hole in the colon, Whether there are any cancer cells left after surgery, Whether the cancer has recurred, and The patient’s general health. Also blood levels before the treatments begin.
Colon cancer can be detected before symptoms develop. This is when the cancer is easiest to cure. A doctor would perform a physical exam and press on the belly area. The physical exam rarely shows any problems, but the doctor may feel a lump in the abdomen. A rectal exam may reveal a lot in patients that have rectal cancer, but not if they have colon cancer. Also a fecal occult blood test may find small amounts of blood in the feces. This may mean the patient has colon cancer. Only colonoscopies can see the entire colon. This is the best test for colon cancer. If you are diagnosed with colon cancer, more tests are going to be done to see if the cancer has spread. These test are called staging. CT or MRI scans of the abdomen, brain, chest, or pelvic area may be used to stage the cancer. Radiation therapy is sometimes helpful in patients with colon cancer. It is usually used with chemotherapy for patients with stage 3 rectal cancer. For patients with stage 4 disease that has spread to the liver, treatments and therapies directed only at the liver can be used. This may include Burning the cancer or ablation, Delivering chemotherapy or radiation directly into the liver, Freezing the cancer also known as cryotherapy, and Surgery.
Some cancer patients experience late effects after cancer treatment, it can happen right after treatment ends or years later. These effects can vary from mild to very serious, and some can go away with time. Late effects vary on the kind of treatment that was given but they include mouth sores, difficulty with speech, memory loss, fatigue, infertility, dry mouth, and much more.
All cancers start in the body’s cells. Normal cells grow and divide to make more cells as older cells die off. This keeps the body working correctly. If the genetic material, also known as DNA, of a cell is mutated or changed, the abnormal cells can occupy other tissues. New cells are made when the body does not need them or old cells don't die when they should. These mutated cancer cells can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other organs. The extra cells form a group of tissue called a growth or tumor.
Colon Cancer forms in the tissues of the the longest part of the large intestine. Most colon cancers are cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids, also known as adenocarcinomas. Almost all colon cancers start in glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. They usually begin as benign noncancerous polyps that can slowly turn into cancer. Colon cancer affects both men and women of all races and ethnic groups, it is most often found in people over the age of fifty years. It is the third most common cancer in the United States, and the second leading cause of death by a cancer. As tumors grow, it may begin to get in the way of the flow of waste matter causing abdominal pain and changes in digestive habits. If the tumors are left to grow, eventually the flow of feces and gas will be completely blocked. This can cause the intestines to swell and enlarge, which can cause pain and vomiting. Colon cancer also spreads through the lymph nodes and affects other organs away from the colon. The most common places for it to spread are the liver, lung, and inner lining of the abdomen.
The colon and the rectum are the final portions of the tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. Food gets fed into the mouth where it is chewed by teeth and then swallowed. It then goes down the esophagus and dropped into the stomach. The stomach is where the food is broken down into smaller fragments and then enters the small intestine. In the small intestine, the food is broken down and digested and the nutrients from the food are absorbed. The food that is not digested and absorbed enters the large intestine or colon and finally the rectum.
The large intestine is a tube that is comprised of four layers. The first is an interior layer of cells that line the chamber where the undigested food get carried, called the mucosa. The mucosa is attached to a thin second layer, the submucosa, it attaches itself to a layer of muscle known as the muscularis. The whole tube is surrounded by fibrous tissue known as the serosa. The most commonly found cancers of the large intestine arise in the inner layer of cells called the mucosa. These cells are exposed to food and bacteria which may carry toxins. The calls are also constantly dying off. Cancers of the colon and rectum start when the process of the normal replacement of lining cells goes wrong. When this happens these cells begin to divide on their own. As these abnormal cells grow and divide, they can create growths within the colon also known as polyps. When these precancerous tumors start to grow in different parts of the tube and invade other layers of the large intestine, the precancerous polyp has become cancerous. This process usually take about eight to ten years.
Some people are more likely to develop colon cancer than others. Factors that expand a person's risk of colorectal cancer are a family history of colorectal cancer and polyps, high fat intake, the presence of polyps in the large intestine, also inflammatory bowel diseases, and primarily chronic ulcerative colitis. In countries with high colon cancer rates, the fat intake rate is much higher than in countries with low cancer rates. It is believed that because digestion of fat occurs in the small intestine and the colon leads to the formation of cancer causing chemicals, or also called carcinogens.
Diets high in vegetables and foods with lots of fiber such as whole grain breads and cereals contain less fat that produces these carcinogens, and can go against the effects of the carcinogens. These effects would help reduce the risk of cancer. Since Doctors believe that cancer forms from benign tumors, getting these tumors surgically removed might reduce your risk of cancer.
There are many factors that can change normal genes into those that allow cancer to grow. These factors include smoking, dietary choices, too much exposure to ultraviolet light, being around too many chemicals or certain substances. The risk of getting certain types of cancer might also be in a person’s genes. If there is a history of specific types of cancer in their family, such as breast or colon cancers, they might also get it.
A person's genetic background is an important factor in colon cancer risk. Among immediate relatives of colon cancer patients, the lifetime chance of developing colon cancer is 18%. Even though a family history of colon cancer is an important risk factor, a majority 80% of colon cancers occur irregularly in patients with no family history of colon cancer. About 20% of cancers have something to do with the patients family history. They include fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating shortness of breath, change in bowel habits, narrow stools, diarrhea or constipation, red or really dark blood in stool, weight loss. Colon cancer can be present for several years before symptoms develop.
Colon cancer can be detected by getting a colonoscopy. If cancerous growths are found during colonoscopy, small tissue samples are taken and examined under the microscope to determine if the polyp is cancerous. If colon cancer is found and confirmed by a biopsy, doctor examine patient further to determine whether the cancer has already spread to other organs. The most effective way to prevent cancer is to get test so polyps can be found early on and taken care of before they turn cancerous or spread. Changing diet and consuming less fat and more fiber can also be a good way to prevent colon cancer. Major sources of fat are eggs, meat, dairy products, oils used in cooking, and salad dressing. Surgery is the most common initial treatment for colon cancer. During surgery, the tumor, a little bit of the healthy intestine, and neighboring lymph nodes are removed. Sometimes the rectum is removed in patients with rectal cancer.
once a colon cancer has spread to local lymph nodes, the risk of the cancer returning remains high even if all visible evidence of the cancer has been removed by the surgeon. At that point, doctors may recommend chemotherapy. Drugs used for chemotherapy enter the bloodstream and attack any colon cancer cells that were carried into the blood or lymphatic systems before the operation, attempting to kill them before they carry into other organs. For fitter patients, lots of chemotherapeutic drugs usually are recommended but for sicker people, simpler treatments are usually best. The cancer can come back near the original site, but thats not very common. Individuals diagnosed with colon cancer remain at risk of their cancer returning for up to 10 years after their original diagnosis and treatment, but the risk of the cancer coming back is much higher in the first few years.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer, and not having any risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. The prognosis and treatment options depend on The stage of the cancer, whether the cancer lives in the inner lining of the colon only or has spread through the walls of the colon, or has extended to lymph nodes or other places in the body, Whether the cancer has blocked or made a hole in the colon, Whether there are any cancer cells left after surgery, Whether the cancer has recurred, and The patient’s general health. Also blood levels before the treatments begin.
Colon cancer can be detected before symptoms develop. This is when the cancer is easiest to cure. A doctor would perform a physical exam and press on the belly area. The physical exam rarely shows any problems, but the doctor may feel a lump in the abdomen. A rectal exam may reveal a lot in patients that have rectal cancer, but not if they have colon cancer. Also a fecal occult blood test may find small amounts of blood in the feces. This may mean the patient has colon cancer. Only colonoscopies can see the entire colon. This is the best test for colon cancer. If you are diagnosed with colon cancer, more tests are going to be done to see if the cancer has spread. These test are called staging. CT or MRI scans of the abdomen, brain, chest, or pelvic area may be used to stage the cancer. Radiation therapy is sometimes helpful in patients with colon cancer. It is usually used with chemotherapy for patients with stage 3 rectal cancer. For patients with stage 4 disease that has spread to the liver, treatments and therapies directed only at the liver can be used. This may include Burning the cancer or ablation, Delivering chemotherapy or radiation directly into the liver, Freezing the cancer also known as cryotherapy, and Surgery.
Some cancer patients experience late effects after cancer treatment, it can happen right after treatment ends or years later. These effects can vary from mild to very serious, and some can go away with time. Late effects vary on the kind of treatment that was given but they include mouth sores, difficulty with speech, memory loss, fatigue, infertility, dry mouth, and much more.